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/fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|sf] g]]kfnL j]jk]hdf :jfut 5

             of] j]ek]h jGg] j|mddf 5 . s[kof ;'wf/sf] nflu k|ltIff ug'{xf]nf .

vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu cGtu{t g]kfnsf] e"sDkLo ultljlwsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf k|fKt hfgsf/L ljt/0fsf] nflu /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ljefusf] sfof{no kl/;/ n}grf}/ sf7df08f}+df /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb| cGtu{t dWoklZrd tyf ;'b"/ klZrd If]qdf hfg] e"sDkx?sf] lgoldt /]s8{ tyf 8f6f k|zf]wgsf] nflu ;'v]{tsf] jL/]Gb|gu/df k|flalws ?kdf :jfoQ …e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|Ú, klg /x]sf] 5 . clxn] g]kfn e/df hDdf PSsfO{; j6f e"sDk ;Dj]bg s]Gb|x? /x]sf 5g\ .

 ;fgf e"sDk uPsf] pks/0fn] s;/L yfxf kfpF5g\ <

:yfgLo 7"nf e"sDkx? xfdLn] yfxf kfpF5f}+ t/ ;fgf e"sDkx? eg] yfxf kfpFb}gf}+ hf] e"sDk hfg] If]qdf b}lgs ?kdf uO/fv]sf x'G5g\ . ;fgf e"sDkx? -DofUg]Ro"8 rf/ eGbf sd _ ljz]if pks/0fx?n] dfq yfxf kfpF5g . o:tf pks/0fx?n] :yfgLo ;fgf e"sDksf ;fy} ljZjel/ uPsf 7"nf e"sDk -DofUg]Ro"8 %=% eGbf 7"nf_ klg yfxf kfpF5g\ . e"sDk dfkg pks/0fx? lgs} ;Da]bgzLn x'G5g\ h;sf] sf/0fn] ;fgf eGbf ;fgf e"sDk klg yfxf kfpF5g\ .e"sDk eg]sf] k[YjLsf] sDkg xf] . e"sDk hfFbf k[YjLsf] ;tx ys{G5 . k[YjLsf] ;tx tyf hldgd'lg /flvPsf pks/0fx?n] pQm ys{g (Kinetic energy) nfO{ laB'tLo zlQm (Electrical energy) df kl/0ft ub{5g h;nfO{ To;k5L k|zf]wg ul/ e"sDksf] s]Gb|ljGb", pTklQsf] ;do tyf To;sf] DofUg]Ro"8 kQf nufpg] sfd ul/G5 .

 e"sDk ;DaGwL k|foM ;f]lwg] k|Zgx? / ltgsf] pQ/

 e"sDk s] xf] <

e"sDk eg]sf] k[YjLsf] sDkg xf] . e"sDksf] s]Gb|ljGb"jf6 e"sDksf t/+ux? rf/}lt/ km}lnG5g\ . o;/L s]Gb|ljGb"jf6  km}lnPsf e"sDksf t/+ux? ljleGg :yfgx?df k'Ubf tL :yfgx? xNng] ub{5g . e"sDksf t/+ux?sf] k|;f/sf] qmddf hldg xNng] oxL k|lqmof g} e"sDk xf] .

csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ e"sDk eg]sf] Ps k|fs[lts k|lqmof tyf k|sf]k xf] . e"sDknfO{ xfdL /f]Sg ;Sb}gf}+ g t o;sf] eljioaf0fL g} ug{ ;Sb5f}+ . s]xL ;]s]08 jf ldg]6sf] lardf e"sDkn] csNkgLo Iflt k'–ofpg ;S5 . e"sDknfO{ /f]Sg jf eljioaf0fL ug{ g;s] klg k"j{ tof/L u/]df o;sf] c;/ lgs} sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

 e"sDk lsg hfG5 <

 k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] efu - sl/a *) b]lv !)) lsnf] ld6/ df]6fO ePsf] _ w]/} 6'qmfdf ljeflht 5 . oL 6'qmfx?nfO{ 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 (Tectonic Plate) eGb5g\ . oL 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x? d'lg /x]sf] P:y]gf]:km]o/df t}l//x]sf 5g\ -;d'b|df 8'+uf t}/] h:tf] _ / lglZrt lbzfdf lxF8L/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L lx8\g] qmddf o:tf Kn]6x? sxLF Ps csf{af6 6f9f uO/x]sf 5g\, slxF glhs cfP/ 7f]lSsPsf 5g\ jf Ps Kn]6 csf]{sf] d'lg 3'l;/x]sf] 5 eg] slxF Ps csf]{df 3f]l6G5g\ . o;/L Kn]6x? 7f]lsg], Ps Kn]6 csf]{sf] d'lg 3':g] jf Kn]6x? 3f]l6g] If]qx?df bjfa ;[hgf x'gk'U5 . s]lx ;do ;Dd o:tf] bjfa ;~rLt eP/ /xG5 t/ ha o:tf] bjfa pQm If]qdf /x]sf r6\6fgsf] Onfl:6s lnld6 eGbf a9L x'g k'U5 tj k[YaLsf] dflyNnf] txdf /x]sf r6\6fgx?df gofF lr/fsf] ;[hgf x'G5 cyjf k'/fgf lr/fx?df lj:yfkg x'G5 . o;/L lr/fx?sf] ;[hgf jf k'/fgf lr/fx?df x'g] lj:yfkgsf] qmddf ;of}F aif{b]lv ;+lrt phf{ e"sDksf t/+ux?sf] ?kdf k|;f/0f eP/ tyf s]Gb|laGb"sf] If]qdf tfkzlQm pTkGg eO{ gf; x'g k'U5 . ;fwf/0f zAbdf eGg'kbf{ 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x?sf] lardf x'g] 3if{0fsf] sf/0fn] ;+lrt phf{ PSsf;L lj;h{g x'Fbf e"sDksf] pTkQL x'G5 .

s] e"sDk ;a} 7fpFdf hfG5g\ <

e"sDk ;a} 7fpFdf hfb}gg\ . ljZjdf e"sDksf] ljt/0f gS;f x]/\of}+ eg] xfdLn] lglZrt If]qdf dfq e"sDk uPsf] kfp5f}+ . e"sDk hfg] lglZrt If]qx? 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x?sf] l;dfgf x'g . o:tf l;dfgfx?df Kn]6x? Ps cfk;df 7f]lsg] If]q, Ps Kn]6 csf]{;+u 3f]l6P/ t]5f]{u/L lrKng] If]q, b'O{ Kn]6x? Ps cfk;af6 6f9f hfg] If]q tyf Ps Kn]6 csf]{sf] d'lg 3':g] If]q cflb kb{5g\ .

s] ;a} e"sDk zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ <

;a} e"sDk zlQmzfnL x'b}gg\ . zlQmzfnL e"sDkx? nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fn k5L dfq cfpF5g eg] ;fgf e"sDkx? b}lgs ?kdf cfO{/x]sf x'G5g\ .

e"sDksf] Iflt s] s'/fdf e/ kb{5 <

e"sDkaf6 x'g] Iflt lgDg s'/fx?df e/ kb{5 .

  •      e"sDksf] DofUg]Ro"8, ;fdfGotof sl/j rf/ l/S6/ :s]n eGbf ;fgf e"sDkx? xfdL yfxf kfpFb}gf} .

  •      e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb" / ;x/, ufpF jLrsf] b"l/M e"sDksf t/+ux? hlt 6f9f uof] Tolt g} PlDKnRo"8 36\b} hfG5 To;}n]         glhsdf j9L  / 6f9f sd Iflt x'g] ub{5 .

  •     e"sDksf] ulx/fO{M sd ulx/fO{sf] e"sDkn] j9L PlDKnRo"8sf] ;tx t/+u pTkGg ub{5g eg] jl9 ulx/fO{sf] e"sDkn] o;f] ub}{gg\ .

       dfgj hg3gTj (Population density): s]Gb|laGb' glhs hlt w]/} dfgj jl:t eof] Toltg} al9 dflg;x? dg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 .

  •      :yflgo ef}ule{s agfj6M sf7df08f} tyf t/fO{sf] h:tf] df6f], jfn'jfn] el/Psf :yfgx?df e"sDksf t/+ux?sf] PlDKnRo"8 a9g hfg] sf/0fn] a9L Iflt x'g ;S5 .

  •    hldg d'lgsf ef}ule{s ;+/rgfx?sf] c;/ M pkTosf h:tf :yfgx?df e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb"jf6 cfPsf Direct wave / Reflected tyf Refracted wave x? s'g} lglZrt 7fpFdf Ps} ;dodf cfpg ;S5g h;n] ubf{ Constructive interference eO{ Amplitude a9g ;S5 / jl9 Iflt x'g ;S5 .

  •      clGtd t/ dxTjk"0f{ -dfgj lgld{t ;+/rgf_M cAojl:yt tyf clgolGqt ?kdf a9bf] zxl/s/0f, sdhf]/ lgdf{0f sfo{x? ;aeGbf al9 vt/gfs 5g\ .

e"sDkaf6 slt lsl;dsf t/+ux? lg:sG5g\ <

d'Vo ul/ b'O lsl;dsf t/+ux? lg:sG5g\ .

      •      al8 j]e -k[YaLsf] leqL efu af6 k|;f/0f x'G5g\_ 

  •  k|fOd/L j]e

  • ;]s]G8/L j]e

  •     ;/km]; j]e -k[YaLsf] ;txdf l;ldt /xL k[YaLsf] rSs/ nfpF5g\ _

  • ne j]e

  • l/n] j]e

 e"sDksf] eljioaf0fL s] ;Dej 5 <

clxn] ;Dd ;Dej 5}g .

g]kfndf lsg e"sDk hfG5 <

xfd|f] jf;:yfg k[YjL lgs} ultlzn 5 . of] cfk"m ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ xfdLnfO{ ljleGg Ct' lbG5 eg] cfk\mgf] cIfdf 3'd]/ lbg / /ftsf] cg'ej xfdLnfO{ lbG5 . xfdLn] yfxf kfO;Sof}+ ls k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] sl/a !)) lsnf]ld6/sf] tx w]/} 6'qmfx?df ljeflht 5 h:nfO{ 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 eGb5g\ . oL 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x? ;lqmo tyf rnfodfg 5g / d'gL /x]sf] k[YaLsf] tx P:y]gf]:kmLo/df t}l//x]sf 5g\ .

k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x?df OlG8og Kn]6 klg Ps xf] . sl/j kfFr s/f]8 jif{ klxn] blIf0f tkm{af6 cfO{/x]sf] OlG8og Kn]6 / pQ/df /x]sf] o"/]lzog Kn]6;+u 7f]lSsg k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . pQm 7f]SsfOk5L klg OlG8og Kn]6sf] pQ/tkm{ ;g]{ qmd jflif{s sl/j rf/ ;]lG6ld6/sf] b/n] rfn' /x]sf] 5 . o;/L OlG8og Kn]6 pQ/tkm{ ;g]{qmddf lxdfno If]qdf bjfa a9\5 clg tgfj l;h{gf tyf ;+lrt x'g k'U5 . s]lx jif{ ;Dd of] ;+lrt eP/ /xG5 t/ hj pQm If]qdf /x]sf r6\6fgn] pQm ;+lrt tgfj y]Ug ;Sb}gg\, cs:dft r6\6fgdf lj:yfkg x'G5 . lj:yfkgsf] qmddf e"sDksf t/+ux?sf] pTkQL x'g k'U5 .

g]kfndf Oltxf;df klg eofgs e"sDkx? cfPsf tYofFsx? 5g\ . ;fgf e"sDkx? b}lgs h;f] cfpF5g eg] 7"nf e"sDkx? bzsf}+ tyf ;of}+ aif{df cf};t ?kdf cfpg] ub{5g\ .

g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s dxfe"sDkx?M

g]kfndf e"sDk hfg] sf/0f t ca xfdLnfO{ yfxf e};Sof] . g]kfndf 7"nf e"sDk hfg] u/]sf] klg la= ;+ !(() sf] dxfe"sDk tyf la= ;+ @)$% ;fndf pbok'/ If]qdf uPsf] e"sDkjf6 klg yfxf x'G5 . o; jfx]s cGo e"sDkx?sf] jf/]df klg Oltxf;df pNn]v ePsf] kfpF5f}+ . Oltxf;df pNn]v ePsf jfx]s k'/fgf 7"nf e"sDkx? klg g]kfndf uPsf 5g\ h;sf] jf/]df xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L ljleGg 7fpFdf ul/Psf pTvgg\ jf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf cj dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Deflat If]qM

dflyNnf] tYof+sjf6 xfdLn] yfxf kfof}F ls ut !)) aif{df lxdfno If]qdf rf/j6f 7"nf e"sDkx? uO;s]sf 5g\ -lrq x]g'{xf];_ . ca xfd|f] nflu lrGtfsf] ljifo eg]sf] ;g\ !()% sf] sf+u/fsf] e"sDk tyf ;g !(#$ -la= ;= !(() sf] g]kfndf uPsf] dxfe"sDk h;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] laxf/ g]kfn e"sDk eg]/ lrGb5\ _ sf] e"sDksf] larsf] If]q xf] . of] If]q ef/tsf] b]x/fb"g b]lv k"j{ tyf g]kfnsf] uf]/vf b]lv klZrddf kb{5 hxfF slDtdf klg ut #)) jif{ otf dxfe"sDk uPsf 5}gg t/ hfg' kb{5 . pQm If]qdf ev{/} ul/Psf] Ps k"a{ P]ltxfl;s e"sDk pTvgg\ sfo{sf] k|f/lDes ljZn]if0faf6 sl/a %)) aif{ klxn] dfq dxfe"sDk uPsf] kQf nfu]sf] 5 . OlG8og Kn]6 pQ/tkm{ ;l//x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm If]qdf dxfe"sDk ghfg' eg]sf] Ps cyjf Ps eGbf a9L dxfe"sDkx?sf] tof/L x'g;S5 . pQm If]qdf ;g\ @))$ df OG8f]g]l;ofsf] cfr]x k|fGtdf s]Gb| laGb' /x]sf] -DofUg]Ro'8 (_ hqf] e"sDk hfg;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ ca gsfg{ ;lsb}g . clxn] pQm If]q tyf l;dfjtL{ ef/tLo If]qdf 7"nf7"nf ;x/x?sf] la:tf/ eO;s]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ hg;+Vof lgs} a[l4 ePsf] 5 / of] hg;+Vofsf] sf/0fn] klg klxn] eGbf lgs} hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

 s] e"sDk ;+w} hfG5g\ <

e"sDk cf};tdf eGg'kbf{ g]kfndf Ps lbgdf rf/ b]lv kfFr j6f ;Dd hfG5g\ . t/ o:tf e"sDkx? ;fwf/0ftM DofUg]Ro'8 tLg eGbf ;fgf x'g] ePsf]n] dflg;nfO{ yfxf x'b}g .

e"sDk hfFbf s:tf] c;/ b]lvG5 <

e"sDkn] lgDgfg';f/sf c;/x? b]vfpfb5 .

lta| sDkgM lta| sDkg klg laleGg s'/fx?df e/ kb{5 . ;fdfGotM r6\6fgdfyL x'g] sDkg sf7df08' h:tf] agfj6 ePsf], hxfF sl/j #)) ld6/ df]6fOsf] glb tyf tfnx?df y'lk|Psf] df6f] tyf jfn'jfsf kqx?, :yfgdf x'g] sDkg eGbf sd x'g] u5{ . o:tf] agfj6 ePsf 7fpFx?df e'sDksf t/+ux?sf] ult sd x'G5 h;n] ubf{ t/+ux?sf] PlDKnRo"8 j9g hfG5 / hldg j9L xNnG5 .

klx/f] hfg'M e"sDksf] ;dodf hldgsf] lta| sDkgsf] sf/0fn] k'/fgf klx/f]x? k'gM ;lqmo x'g;S5g\ eg] goFf klx/f]x?sf] >[hgf x'g;S5 .

af9L cfpg'M e"sDk :jo+n] jf9L Nofpg] gePtf klg e"sDksf] ;dodf uPsf klx/f]n] glbx?sf] axfj s]lx ;dosf] nflu /f]Sg ;S5g . o:tf] klx/f] lgld{t afFwx? a9bf] kfgLsf] bjfasf] sf/0fn] s]xL ;do k5L km'6g uO tnlt/sf] efudf 7"nf] af9L cfpg ;S5 .

hldgsf] t/lns/0f x'g'M

e"sDksf] dfkgM

e"sDksf] zlQm ljleGg :s]ndf gflkG5 . l/S6/ :s]nn] e"sDksf t/+ux?sf] dfWodjf6 lj;h{g ePsf] phf{sf] dfq dfkg x'G5 . l/S6/ DofUg]Ro"8 :yflgo e"sDksf t/+usf] PlDKnRo"8sf] k|of]ujf6 cg'dfg ul/G5 . clxn] ;/km]; j]e DofUg]Ro"8 tyf df]d]G6 DofUg]Ro"8 klg k|rngdf 5g\ . ;/km]z j]e t/+usf] DofUg]Ro"8 j]esf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] PlDKnRo"8jf6 cg'dfg ul/G5 eg] df]d]G6 DofUg]Ro"8 e"sDksf t/+ux?sf] df]8]ln+ujf6 lgsflnG5 . DofUg]Ro"8 kfFrsf] e"sDk 5 sf] eGbf !) u'0ff ;fgf] x'G5 t/ phf{ eg] sl/j tL; u'0ff ;fgf] x'G5 .

s[kof xfdLnfO{ ;'emfj lbO{ xfd|f] k|of;df ;fy lbg'xf]nf . xfdLnfO{ ;Dks{ ug]{ Od]n 7]ufgf nscdmg@mos.com.np                     

 

 

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